墨西哥簽證

這篇Wiki討論的是如何在墨西哥申請美國簽證

進入墨西哥

中國護照進入墨西哥需要簽證，除非持有：申根地區、英國、美國、加拿大、日本的簽證或永居，則可進入墨西哥不超過180天。這裏只需要簽證即可，不需要你真的能進入那些國家。舉例就是，你有有效的美國F1簽證，但沒有I-20，一樣可以進入墨西哥，他們只看你的F1簽證，不管I-20。

如同美國的I-94一樣，墨西哥入境時發放FMM卡。1-7天的FMM卡免費，7-180天的收費約~US$30。

坐飛機入境的，飛機票已經包含FMM費用，所以基本都是給180天
步行入境的，根據情況選擇免費的7天卡，或者交費拿180天的。邊境人員有時候嫌麻煩，不給卡讓你直接進。但除非你待在邊境城市不坐任何墨西哥交通工具，否則一定要堅持拿FMM卡。如果你從邊境去內陸，沒有FMM卡，可能會被當作非法移民處理

填寫DS-160

墨西哥的DS-160是不上傳照片的，需要到ASC (Application Service Centers) 採集。

DS-160提交以前，每次修改後，有效期30天。提交後無法修改，數據永久有效。

DS-160城市

DS-160上的城市不重要，換城市也不需要重填。參見國務院官網的DS-160 FAQ https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/visa-information-resources/forms/ds-160-online-nonimmigrant-visa-application/ds-160-faqs.html

What happens to my DS-160 if I select a U.S. Embassy or Consulate where I will be applying for my visa, but end up making an interview appointment instead at another U.S. Embassy or Consulate?

The Embassy or Consulate at which you actually apply should be able to access your form using the barcode on your DS-160 confirmation page, which you must bring to the visa interview. For example, a business traveler intends to apply for his visa at the U.S. Embassy in City X, so he selects City X as the location where he will submit his application when he completes his DS-160. He then has an urgent reason to travel to City Y on business. Because there is a U.S. Consulate in City Y, he schedules an appointment for a visa interview there, using the barcode from his completed DS-160 application for appointment scheduling. The U.S. Consulate in City Y is able to accept his DS-160 even though it lists the U.S. Embassy in City X as the location where he originally intended to submit his application.

修改DS-160信息

如果是不重要的信息，比如 intended travel dates，不需要修改。

如果是重要信息，比如換了學校，有三個選擇

重新填DS-160，不改預約，然後在ASC拍照的時候讓工作人員換DS-160
重新填DS-160，取消預約，然後重新約（不需要重新繳費）
在面試的時候把新信息告訴面試官，面試官手工幫你修改

ASC

ASC因為不是使領館，所以安保沒有使領館那麼嚴格，部分ASC允許帶手機進入（需關機）。具體ASC規定可以參考網上的數據點，不是每個ASC都一樣的（比如蒂華納的ASC比較嚴）

簽證被撤銷

根據聯邦法規 § 41.122 Revocation of visas.

(b) Provisional revocation

(2) Pending visa eligibility determination. A consular officer, the Secretary, or any Department official to whom the Secretary has delegated this authority may provisionally revoke a nonimmigrant visa while considering information related to whether a visa holder is eligible for the visa.

即，領事官員在考慮是否能夠給你X類簽證的同時，有權撤銷你目前的同類簽證。實際操作中，撤銷有兩種方法：

在電腦系統，即 Consular Lookout and Support System (CLASS) 里撤銷
在簽證上蓋撤銷章

如果是前者，個人無法立刻知曉，只有到了海關才知道。後者是很明顯的被蓋章了。

有些面試官也會比較通情達理的告訴你，你的簽證我不撤銷，你可以回美國等結果。

SAO

如果簽證需要Security Advisory Opinion (SAO)，則需要等DOS/FBI進行背景調查，確認可以簽發籤證。這個流程在中文網絡里又被稱作check。

常見的SAO包括以下幾種：

Visas Mantis 簽證螳螂: 防止技術轉移，包括敏感技術，以及軍民兩用技術。Visas Mantis里一半以上的審查對象都是中國人，中國俄羅斯一起則佔了3/4
Visas Bear 簽證熊: 外交、國際組織成員等
Visas Donkey 簽證驢: 名字和恐怖分子相同
以及各種動物...

SAO的觸發條件一般是：

申請人在CLASS系統里被標記需要SAO
申請人曾經有過不良SAO結果
申請人國家是已知的支持恐怖主義國家
簽證官認為申請人可以接觸到 Technology Alert List (TAL) 列出的敏感技術

對於中國人常見的 Visas Mantis 背景調查，由國務院 Department of State 和聯邦調查局 Federal Bureau of Investigation 共同處理。Visas Mantis獲得的clearance有效期為1年，在簽證上會標註 Clearance Received 或者 Department Authorization

如果在上次有效期內去重新簽證，在其他情況不變的條件下，SAO可以復用。比如某人2000-01-01面試，面試官於2000-01-05申請Visas Mantis，2000-02-01獲得clearance，簽證上印clearance received 02-01-2000，則在2000-02-01之前，不改變學校/專業，或僱主/崗位的情況下，再次申請同類簽證，可以重用clearance而不必再次申請SAO

面試後的單子

墨西哥面試以後給的紙的顏色很隨意，不要糾結於顏色。看上面的字。

DS-160狀態

Application Received：面試前的狀態。如果剛面試，也可能是還沒有在系統里更新。

Administrative Processing：簽發籤證以前的一些內部工作，或者等待你補充材料。

Issued：簽證已經打印，貼到了你的護照上。

Refused：申請被拒（不代表沒戲了，見下）

請注意，按照移民法，簽證狀態是二選一的，不是approve就是refuse，並不存在一個"check"或者"pending"的狀態。DOS官網：There are only two possible outcomes for complete and executed U.S. visa applications: the consular officer will either issue or refuse the visa.

在某些情況下，當簽證官認為你的材料不足以當場批覆，但在進行行政審查或者SAO後可以批准，則會告訴你如何補充材料（或者無需補充材料，坐等SAO結果）。這種情況下，請按照簽證官指示操作。當行政審查通過，或者SAO結果為可的情況下，可以推翻refusal，改為approval。如果簽證官直接告訴你簽證被拒，沒有讓你補充材料，也沒有告訴你要進行行政審查、security clearance 或 background check等，那就是真的被拒了。

Automatic Visa Revalidation

非移民簽證持有人，在短期（30天內）訪問墨西哥或加拿大，可以持過期簽證返美。這個法律條款就是 AVR, automatic visa revalidation。這個法規的意思就是，把你過期的簽證當作有效簽證使用，所以叫做visa revalidation。有些人可能會誤以為這是」憑I-20入境「，這是不對的。

我們來看法規條款原文，22 CFR 41.112(d) Automatic extension of validity at ports of entry.

Provided that the requirements set out in paragraph (d)(2) of this section are fully met, the following provisions apply to nonimmigrant aliens seeking readmission at ports of entry:

The validity of an expired nonimmigrant visa issued under INA 101(a)(15) may be considered to be automatically extended to the date of application for readmission; and

(ii) In cases where the original nonimmigrant classification of an alien has been changed by DHS to another nonimmigrant classification, the validity of an expired or unexpired nonimmigrant visa may be considered to be automatically extended to the date of application for readmission, and the visa may be converted as necessary to that changed classification.

(2) The provisions in paragraph (d)(1) of this section are applicable only in the case of a nonimmigrant alien who:

(i) Is in possession of a Form I-94, Arrival-Departure Record, endorsed by DHS to show an unexpired period of initial admission or extension of stay, provided that in the case of a qualified F student or the accompanying spouse or child of such student, is in possession of a current Form I-20, Certificate of Eligibility for Nonimmigrant Student Status, issued by the school that the student has been authorized to attend by DHS and endorsed by the issuing school official to indicate the period of initial admission or extension of stay authorized by DHS, and provided that in the case of a qualified J exchange visitor or the accompanying spouse or child of such exchange visitor, is in possession of a current Form DS-2019, Certificate of Eligibility for Exchange Visitor Status (J-NONIMMIGRANT), issued and endorsed by the Department of State-designated sponsor of the exchange program, to indicate the period of initial admission authorized by DHS or the extension of stay authorized by the Department of State;

(ii) Is applying for readmission after an absence not exceeding 30 days solely in contiguous territory, or, in the case of a student or exchange visitor or accompanying spouse or child meeting the stipulations of paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section, after an absence not exceeding 30 days in contiguous territory or adjacent islands other than Cuba;

(iii) Has maintained and intends to resume nonimmigrant status;

(iv) Is applying for readmission within the authorized period of initial admission or extension of stay;

(v) Is in possession of a valid passport;

(vi) Does not require authorization for admission under INA 212(d)(3); and

(vii) Has not applied for a new visa while abroad.

(3) The provisions in paragraphs (d)(1) and (d)(2) of this section shall not apply to the nationals of countries identified as supporting terrorism in the Department's annual report to Congress entitled Patterns of Global Terrorism.

簽證有效期

根據簽證互惠（即兩國給對方同類簽證同等時間）以及各種雙邊單邊的條約和規定，美國對於中國人的簽證有效期在國務院官網 https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/Visa-Reciprocity-and-Civil-Documents-by-Country/China.html

目前的規定是

F1不超過60個月（5年）。絕大多數需要SAO的，只會拿到1年F1，但不排除給5年的情況
H1b不超過12個月（1年）。根據北美自由貿易協定，持有加拿大永久居民身份（楓葉卡），在美國駐加拿大使領館申請H1b簽證，適用加拿大的簽證互惠條款，而不是中國的。所以，持中國護照 + 楓葉卡，在加拿大簽H1b，是每次3年（不超過 I-797日期）